generally called Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia that is crossed by the equator and lies between the Asian and Australian continents and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world consisting of 13,466 islands, an alternative name commonly used is the archipelago. With a population of over 263,846,946 million people by 2016, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and the most populous Muslim country in the world, with over 220 million inhabitants. The form of Indonesian government is a republic, with the House of Representatives, the Regional House of Representatives and the President elected directly.Indonesia's capital city is Jakarta. Indonesia borders with Malaysia on the island of Borneo, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and with Timor Leste on Timor Island. Other neighboring countries are Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the union of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.
The history of Indonesia: is much influenced by other nations. The archipelago has been an important trading area since at least the seventh century, when the Sriwijaya Kingdom in Palembang established religious and trade relations with China and India. The Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms had grown in the early Christian centuries, followed by traders carrying Islam, as well as various European powers that fought each other to monopolize the trade of Maluku spices during the era of oceanic explorations. After being under Dutch colonialism, Indonesia, then called the Dutch East Indies declared its independence at the end of World War II. Furthermore, Indonesia gets various obstacles, threats and challenges from natural disaster, corruption, separatism, democratization process and period of rapid economic change.
From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various tribes, languages, and religions. Based on the national race (race), Indonesia consists of native indigenous peoples namely South Mongoloid / Austronesia and Melanesia where the Austronesians are the largest in number and more inhabit western part of Indonesia. More specifically, the Javanese tribe is the largest tribe with a population of 41.7% of the total population of Indonesia. The national motto of Indonesia, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Different but still one"), means the diversity that shapes the country. In addition to having a dense population and vast territory, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the second largest biodiversity level in the world.
Indonesia was also a member of the United Nations and the only member ever to leave the United Nations on January 7, 1965, and rejoined on 28 September 1966 and Indonesia remained the 60th member of the same membership since the incorporation of Indonesia on 28 September 1950. In addition to the UN, Indonesia is also a member of ASEAN, KAA, APEC, OIC, G-20 and will be a member of the OECD.
Indonesia is also a country colonized by many European countries and also Asia, because since ancient times Indonesia is a country rich in abundant natural products, to make European countries tempted to colonize and intend to control natural resources for income for the country, the State - countries that once colonized Indonesia, among others:
Portuguese in 1509, only Maluku, then successfully expelled in the year 1595
Spain in 1521, only North Sulawesi, but was successfully expelled in 1692.
Dutch in 1602, most of Indonesia.
France (1795-1811). France conquered the Dutch Republic in 1795 during the French Revolutionary War, and France established the Batavian Republic (1795-1806) and the Hollandia Kingdom (1806-1810), which was a subordinate of France. Thus, indirectly France was the highest ruler of the Dutch East Indies. In 1810 the Hollandia Kingdom was fused within the First Empire of France, so the territory of the Dutch East Indies became a direct French colony. Nevertheless the government and defense remained in the hands of Dutch citizens (including Herman Willem Daendels who ruled from 1908-1811 and was known as pro-French) French rule ended in 1811 when Britain defeated Dutch-French power on the island of Java.
United Kingdom in 1811, since the signing of the Capitulation of Tuntang, one of which contained the surrender of Java Island from the Netherlands to Britain. In 1814 the London Convention was in place, which the Dutch government reigned over the British colonies of Indonesia. Then only in 1816, the British government in Indonesia was officially over.
Japan in 1942 and ended in 1945, because of Japan's defeat to the Allied forces.
Indonesia saat ini secara de facto terdiri dari 34 provinsi, lima dierah memiliki status berbeda (Aceh, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Papua Barat, Papua dan DKI Jakarta). Provinsi ini terbagi menjadi 416 kecamatan dan 98 kota atau 7024 kecamatan atau 81626 desa. Ada berbagai persyaratan daerah untuk wilayah di Indonesia seperti desa, desa, gampong, kampung, nagari, pekon atau istilah lain yang diakomodasi oleh Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Setiap provinsi memiliki DPRD provinsi dan gubernur; Kabupaten dengan DPRD dan Bupati; Kemudian kota ini memiliki Dewan Kota dan walikota; Semua dipilih langsung oleh rakyat melalui pemilihan dan pemilihan. Di Jakarta tidak ada DPR atau Kota, karena Pemprov dan Pemkot DKI Jakarta bukan daerah otonom.
Provinsi Aceh, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Provinsi Papua Barat, dan Papua memiliki hak legislatif dan otonomi yang lebih tinggi daripada provinsi lain. Misalnya, Aceh memiliki hak untuk membangun sistem hukumnya sendiri; Pada tahun 2003, Aceh mulai membangun hukum Syariah. Status Pemerintahan Khusus Yogyakarta sebagai pengakuan atas peran penting Yogyakarta dalam mendukung Indonesia selama Revolusi. Provinsi Papua, yang sebelumnya dikenal dengan nama Irian Jaya, mendapat status otonomi khusus pada tahun 2001. DKI Jakarta, adalah daerah khusus. Timor Portugis bergabung dengan wilayah Indonesia dan menjadi provinsi Timor Timur pada tahun 1976-1999, yang kemudian memisahkan diri dengan sebuah referendum ke Negara Timor Lorosa'e.
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